Beaufort Wind Scale

One of the first scales to estimate wind speeds and the effects was created by Britain's Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort (1774-1857). He developed the scale in 1805 to help sailors estimate the winds via visual observations. The scale starts with 0 and goes to a force of 12. The Beaufort scale is still used today to estimate wind strengths.

Force	Speed		Description	Specifications for use at sea
	(mph)	(knots)		Specifications for use on land
0	0-1	0-1	Calm	Sea like a mirror.
				Calm; smoke rises vertically.
1	1-3	1-3	Light Air	Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests.
				Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, but not by wind vanes.
2	4-7	4-6	Light Breeze	Small wavelets, still short, but more pronounced. Crests have a glassy appearance and do not break.
				Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; ordinary vanes moved by wind.
3	8-12	7-10	Gentle Breeze	Large wavelets. Crests begin to break. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.
				Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag.
4	13-18	11-16	Moderate Breeze	Small waves, becoming larger; fairly frequent white horses.
				Raises dust and loose paper; small branches are moved.
5	19-24	17-21	Fresh Breeze	Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed.
				Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters.
6	25-31	22-27	Strong Breeze	Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere.
				Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty.
7	32-38	28-33	Near Gale	Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind.
				Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking against the wind.
8	39-46	34-40	Gale	Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind.
				Breaks twigs off trees; generally impedes progress.
9	47-54	41-47	Severe Gale	High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility
				Slight structural damage occurs (chimney-pots and slates removed)
10	55-63	48-55	Storm	Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam, in great patches, is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole the surface of the sea takes on a white appearance. The tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like. Visibility affected.
				Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable structural damage occurs.
11	64-72	56-63	Violent Storm	Exceptionally high waves (small and medium-size ships might be for a time lost to view behind the waves). The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the wave crests are blown into froth. Visibility affected.
				Very rarely experienced; accompanied by wide-spread damage.
12	72-83	64-71	Hurricane	The air is filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected.
				see Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale