1991 Halloween Blizzard/Ice Storm

On Halloween morning, a low pressure system developed over southeast Texas and moved rapidly north northeast, reaching its maximum intensity (984 mb) just east of Marquette, MI around midnight November 2nd.  This storm became known as the Halloween Blizzard in most of Minnesota and the Halloween Ice Storm in Iowa and portions of southeast Minnesota.

Snow moved into southern Iowa during the afternoon of October 30th and then spread into northern Iowa and Minnesota early on October 31st.  Warm air aloft wrapping around this low pressure area caused the snow to change into a mixture of snow, sleet, and freezing rain by mid-morning on Halloween across southeast Minnesota and much of eastern Iowa, and this mixture continued until the late afternoon of November 1st.  1-2" of ice accumulated from southwest Iowa into north-central Iowa, and from 2-3" of ice accumulated across south-central and southeast Minnesota.

In Iowa, Interstate 35 was closed down by fallen power lines.  80,000 homes were without power and there was $63 million in utility damage.  Ten to fifteen percent of the corn crop was still in the fields and the combination of ice, snow, and wind from this storm flattened some fields.  Crop damage was estimated up to $5 million.  This storm is considered the most costly ice storm in Iowa history.  It took over a week to restore power in some rural areas.  Governor Terry Branstad declared 52 of 99 counties as disaster areas.

Approximate snowfall totals. Most of the snow fell on November 1-2.		Approximate snowfall totals. Most of the snow fell on November 1-2.

In south-central and southeast Minnesota, 11 counties were declared federal disaster areas due to this ice storm.  The total damage was $11.7 million. According to the National Weather Service publication Storm Data, "at least 20,000 people experienced power outages from October 31st to November 2nd as many power lines and poles snapped under the weight of the ice.  Many rural areas were without power for about a week. Governor Arne H. Carlson declared a state of emergency in Freeborn and Mower counties.  The National Guard was called upon to help provide generators to rural farmsteads. The National Guard armory and a local mall in Albert Lea were both used as a shelter for many stranded motorists November 1st and 2nd.  At the height of the storm, a 180 mile-long stretch of interstate 90 from South Dakota border to Rochester was closed."

During the evening of November 1st, arctic air moved into the region, changing the precipitation to all snow.  The snow continued until midday on November 2nd. 6 to 10" fell across Winona and Houston counties in southeast Minnesota, and La Crosse County in southwest Wisconsin [Fig. 1].  Meanwhile, 3 to 6" of snow fell across the remainder of southeast Minnesota, portions of western Wisconsin, and a small portion of northeast Iowa.  These amounts are small in comparison to the snowfall from Red Wing, MN northward to the Duluth, MN area.  This winter storm dropped 28.4" of snow on the Twin Cities (single storm record for the metropolitan record) while Duluth received 36.9" of snow (the largest single storm total in MN history).

Wind speeds of 30 to 50 mph, and gusts to 60 mph on November 1st and 2nd, created blizzard conditions across eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, western Iowa, and extreme western Wisconsin.  This storm closed schools, businesses, bridges, and public transportation systems for several days.  Clean up was hindered by numerous accidents and abandoned vehicles.

At least 20 people died in Minnesota due to traffic accidents or heart attacks from digging out after the storm.  In addition, 2 Wisconsin hunters died when their boat was capsized in Lake Onalaska during the storm.

Here is a link from the National Centers for Environmental Information - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/halloween-blizzard-1991