Snow Across the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast; Unsettled Weather in the West

Light to moderate snow will continue into Saturday over the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast. This weekend into next week, a series of atmospheric rivers will bring gusty winds, periods of heavy rain, and mountain snow to northern California and the Pacific Northwest. Colder temperatures are in store for the weekend from the Great Lakes to East Coast. Read More >

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is an indicator of heat related stress on the human body at work (or play) in direct sunlight. It takes into account multiple atmospheric variables, including: temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle, and cloud cover.

Current WBGT / Calculate
Forecast Maps
WBGT vs Heat Index
Prepare - Safety - Resources
Guidelines - Charts

Today's Forecast Maximum Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

Initial values are estimates for the selected location adjust sliders as needed
Month:
Day:
Latitude:
Fcst Max Temp(F):	80
DewPoint(F):	70
RH(%):
Wind Speed(mph):
Cloud Cover(%):

HeatIndex(F):	88
WBGT(F):	88

Map, calculator courtesy National Weather Service - Tulsa

Forecast Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Maps for Minnesota

Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures

Northern Area

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Max Day 2

Max Day 3

Southern Area

This Hour

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Max Day 3

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature vs Heat Index

While the WBGT and Heat Index both attempt to describe how "hot" it is and the potential for heat related stresses, they go about it in different ways.

â–º Heat Index is more commonly used and understood by the general public - the higher the values the hotter it's going to feel and the higher the threat for heat related illnesses. It's calculated from the temperature and relative humidity. What's not commonly known is that Heat Index assumes you are in the shade.

â–º WBGT also uses the temperature and humidity in its calculation, but temperatures are measured in direct sunshine. It also factors in wind speed, sun angle, and cloud cover.

Bottom-line upfront >>>> what value should you use? For day-to-day activities, heat index will serve you well. If you work outside or plan on any sort of vigorous outdoor activity in the full sun, use the WBGT.

Comparing WBGT and Heat Index

	WBGT	Heat Index
Measured in the sun
Measured in the shade
Uses Temperature
Uses RH
Uses Wind
Uses Cloud Cover
Uses Sun Angle

Examples

Assuming temperature and dew point are constant, notice how increases in
sky cover or wind lowers the WBGT and decreases in sky cover and wind
raises the WBGT.

Temp F	Dew Point F	RH %	Sky %	Wind mph	Heat Index F	WBGT F
90	65	44	5	3	92	83
90	65	44	5	13	92	80
90	65	44	65	13	92	79
95	70	45	10	6	102	86
95	70	45	60	6	102	85
95	70	45	60	13	102	84
100	72	38	65	13	110	87
100	72	38	10	13	110	88
100	72	38	10	5	110	90

WGBT		Heat Index
Origins: The WBGT date back to the 1950s - specifically the United States Marine Corp Recruit Depot on Parris Island, SC. There, recruits were required to perform high intensity exercise in a high humidity, high temperature environment. Many solders succumbed to heat related illness. In response, a joint effort between the Department of the Navy and Army doctors studied the effects of heat on exercise performance. The result was the WBGT. WGBT uses several atmospheric variables for its calculations: temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle, and cloud cover. Temperatures are measured in the sunlight. The military uses the WBGT to gauge the potential for heat related stresses to this day. OSHA and many nations also use the WBGT as a guide to managing workload in direct sunlight, as do athletic departments (college and high school) and events. If you work or exercise in direct sunlight, this is a good element to monitor.		Origins: The Heat Index is based on work carried out by Robert G. Steadman in 1979 ("An Assessment of Sultriness, Parts I and II") where he discussed factors that would impact how hot a person would feel under certain conditions. The National Weather Service developed a "simplified" formula from this work using air temperature and relative humidity as the two inputs. This formula became the "heat index". It is important to note that the heat index is calculated for shady areas. Direct sunlight can add as much as 15 degrees to the heat index.
Inputs: Temperature (in sun) Relative Humidity Wind speed Cloud cover Sun angle		Inputs: Temperature (in shade) Relative Humidity
Equation: WBGT=0.7T_w+0.2T_g+0.1T_d T_w = Natural wet-bulb temperature (combined with dry-bulb temperature indicates humidity) T_g = Globe thermometer temperature (measured with a globe thermometer, also known as a black globe thermometer) T_d = Dry-bulb temperature (actual air temperature)		Equation: Heat Index = -42.379 + 2.04901523T + 10.14333127R – 0.22475541TR – 6.83783(10^-3T²) – 5.481717(10^-2R²) + 1.22874(10^-3T²R) + 8.5282(10^-2TR²) – 1.99(10^-6T²R²) T = ambient dry temperature (in Fahrenheit) R = relative humidity (percentage) For more information on the heat index: Heat Index Heat Index Climatology

PREPARE - SAFETY - RESOURCES

Prepare

Before:

Reschedule or postpone outdoor plans during peak heating of the day (usually mid to late afternoon)
Check in with family members, friends. Make sure they have a way to keep cool and take necessary precautions from the heat. The elderly and children are especially susceptible to the heat.
Don't forget your pets! Make sure they have adequate shelter (preferably indoors, air conditioned) and ample water.

During:

Take frequent breaks in the shade or in an air conditioned location. Strenuous outdoor activities should be reduced (or eliminated), especially in direct sunlight where there is little ventilation.
Drink plenty of water or other non-alcohol fluids. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids even if you do not feel thirsty. Avoid drinks with caffeine or alcohol.
Continue to check on family, friends and your pets.
Don’t get too much sun. Sunburn makes the job of heat dissipation that much more difficult

Resources

Guidelines - Charts

While there is not set criterion for WBGT temperatures and related risks/impacts, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has developed a set of values that have been accepted as a standard to follow. Their original guidelines were developed for running events, but have since been expanded to include intermittent (non-continuous) activities [Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: March 2007 - Volume 39 - Issue 3 - p 556-572] . The guidelines are not based on location.

Using ACSM as a starting point, further research by the University of Georgia (UGA) factored in climatology and regional differences in an effort to incorporate acclimatization* into the guidelines. The Korey Stringer Institute and USA Soccer used the regional categories developed by UGA to provide another set of recommend actions.

The military and OSHA also have devised recommendations, as do many university and high school athletic departments.

Below you will find several of these guidelines/recommendations.

It should be noted that while WBGT will provide solid guidelines, other factors such as an individual’s physical fitness, acclimatization, medical condition, and age also have an impact.

* Acclimatization: the body's natural adaptation to heat/cold. The process usually takes 10 to 14 days.

Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL)

Based On Location

The following recommendations use similar criteria as the ACSM, but modified for location and climatology. This adjustment factors in the acclimatization that occurs for those that consistently work and exercise in hot environments.

Regional Categories



Guidelines from USA Soccer and the Korey Stringer Institute (KSI)		Guidelines from the University of Georgia

NOT based on location - American College of Sports Medicine

Continuous Activities		Intermittent Activities
Activities with little if any break, such as cross country running, 5K runs, and marathons.		Activities that generally have breaks between bursts of high intensity movements/actions, such as football, soccer, lacrosse, etc.

Guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine - not based on location		Guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine - not based on location