Snow Across the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast; Unsettled Weather in the West

Light to moderate snow will continue into Saturday over the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast. This weekend into next week, a series of atmospheric rivers will bring gusty winds, periods of heavy rain, and mountain snow to northern California and the Pacific Northwest. Colder temperatures are in store for the weekend from the Great Lakes to East Coast. Read More >

Fall Frost/Freeze Decision Support Page

Definitions of headlines issued by the National Weather Service in Aberdeen, SD:

Frost Advisory: Issued when conditions are favorable for temperatures to drop between 33 and 36 degrees Fahrenheit resulting in the possibility of widespread frost near the surface. Unprotected vegetation may be damaged.

Freeze Watch: Issued when conditions are favorable for temperatures to fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit during the next 12 to 48 hours resulting in the possibility for significant damage to unprotected vegetation.

Freeze Warning: Issued when confidence is high that temperatures will fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit within the next 24 hours resulting in significant damage to unprotected vegetation.

*NOTE: Frost/Freeze product issuance will cease for the season beginning October 16th.

________________________________FORECASTS___________________________________ Click on the images below for the latest forecast temperature information

DAY 1 minimum temp forecast	DAY 2 minimum temp forecast	DAY 3 minimum temp forecast	DAY 4 minimum temp forecast

DAY 5 minimum temp forecast	DAY 6 minimum temp forecast	6-10 Day Temp Outlook	8-14 Day Temp Outlook

_______________________________OBSERVATIONS__________________________________ Find information regarding past and current temperature observations by clicking on the images below

Map display of current temperatures across the region	Map view of the season's first observed 32°/28° temperature across South Dakota	Map view of the season's first observed 32°/28° temperature across Minnesota	Map view of the season's first observed 32°/28° temperature across North Dakota

Table of daily lows at Aberdeen, Watertown, Pierre, Sisseton and Mobridge	Table of daily lows at numerous additional COOP sites

_______________________________CLIMATOLOGY__________________________________ Find climatology information pertaining to frost/freezes by clicking on the images below

Median Date of First 32° Freeze	Date of Latest First 32° Freeze	Median Date of First 28° Freeze	Date of Latest First 28° Freeze

Soil temperature climatology

The table below presents statistical data regarding the first fall frost/freeze using 1991-2020 data from several NWS COOP sites. "Area" following a location means there have been multiple stations used for the database (within 5 miles of each other). Below are a few examples on how to read the table, using Aberdeen:

Mean: September 23rd is the average date when temperatures first drop to 32°F (October 1st for 28°F)
10th: Only 1 in 10 seasons will have a 32°F freeze on or before September 9th (September 19th for 28°F)
90th: 9 in 10 seasons will have a 32°F freeze on or before October 8th (October 19th for 28°F)

SOUTH DAKOTA Fall Freeze Probabilities	Freeze: 32°			Hard Freeze: 28°
*Using 1991-2020 Data*	Mean	10th	90th	Mean	10th	90^th
Aberdeen	9/24	9/12	10/8	10/6	9/19	10/19
Britton	10/2	9/19	10/16	10/7	09/25	10/19
Clark area	10/4	9/20	10/16	10/9	9/30	10/19
Clear Lake	10/3	9/19	10/16	10/11	9/25	10/26
Columbia 8N	10/1	9/19	10/16	10/9	9/25	10/22
Castlewood	9/24	9/12	10/12	10/4	9/20	10/16
Eureka	9/27	9/13	10/9	10/7	9/21	10/18
Faulkton	9/29	9/17	10/9	10/8	9/23	10/20
Gann Valley area	9/28	9/14	10/13	10/5	9/22	10/19
Gettysburg	9/29	9/19	10/11	10/7	9/23	10/19
Highmore	9/27	9/16	10/10	10/9	9/22	10/24
Ipswich	9/26	9/13	10/13	10/7	9/21	10/18
Kennebec	9/26	9/14	10/7	10/4	9/21	10/16
McIntosh 6SE	9/28	9/14	10/9	10/4	9/19	10/18
McLaughlin	9/27	9/18	10/7	10/3	9/19	10/16
Mellette 4W	9/28	9/16	10/11	10/6	9/21	10/18
Milbank area	9/30	9/16	10/13	10/7	9/24	10/20
Miller	10/2	9/19	10/16	10/10	9/29	10/25
Mobridge area	10/2	9/20	10/12	10/7	9/22	10/18
Murdo	10/9	9/28	10/23	10/15	10/4	10/28
Onida 4NW	9/28	9/14	10/10	10/8	9/27	10/19
Pierre	10/3	9/17	10/16	10/10	9/27	10/25
Pollock	9/27	9/14	10/9	10/6	9/22	10/18
Roscoe	9/30	9/19	10/14	10/9	9/23	10/23
Selby	9/29	9/19	10/10	10/7	9/21	10/20
Sisseton area	9/28	9/15	10/10	10/8	9/24	10/21
Summit	9/26	9/14	10/13	10/4	9/20	10/17
Timber Lake	9/29	9/17	10/12	10/2	9/18	10/18
Victor 4NNE	10/1	9/18	10/14	10/11	9/28	10/27
Watertown	9/27	9/15	10/13	10/8	9/27	10/24
Waubay Nat'l Wildlife Refuge	10/8	9/23	10/24	10/18	10/5	10/31
Webster	10/8	9/29	10/18	10/13	10/3	10/27

MINNESOTA Fall Freeze Probabilities	Freeze: 32°			Hard Freeze: 28°
*Using 1991-2020 Data*	Mean	10th	90th	Mean	10th	90th
Artichoke Lake (northeast side)	10/7	9/24	10/21	10/15	10/2	10/30
Wheaton	10/8	9/28	10/20	10/14	10/2	10/28

While records go as far back as 1895 in some cases, the tables above use just a 30 year period, from 1991-2020. Why? 30 years is an internationally agreed upon timeframe to define "Climate Normals," as determined by the World Meteorological Organization back in 1935 because 1.) 30 numbers gives a statistically reliable estimate for an average and 2.) Climate changes over time. To compare what happens today to the entire period of record would be misleading - what's normal today is often very different than what was normal 50 or 100 years ago. Therefore a gradual adjustment is needed to provide context on what climate is like today. This is important for many practical purposes, such as regulation of power companies, crop selection and planting times, construction planning, and other disciplines and industries. You can see how much the climate has changed visually since the 1901-1930 period across the country via maps here.

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Snow Across the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast; Unsettled Weather in the West

Fall Frost/Freeze DSS Page