Snow Across the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast; Unsettled Weather in the West

Light to moderate snow will continue into Saturday over the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast. This weekend into next week, a series of atmospheric rivers will bring gusty winds, periods of heavy rain, and mountain snow to northern California and the Pacific Northwest. Colder temperatures are in store for the weekend from the Great Lakes to East Coast. Read More >

Estimating Wind Speed and Sea State

**Estimating Wind Speed and Sea State with Visual Clues**
Beaufort number	Wind Description	Wind Speed	Wave Height	Visual Clues
0	Calm	0 knots	0 feet	Sea is like a mirror. Smoke rises vertically.
1	Light Air	1-3 kts	< 1/2	Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests. Smoke drifts from funnel.
2	Light breeze	4-6 kts	1/2 ft (max 1)	Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced, crests have glassy appearance and do not break. Wind felt on face. Smoke rises at about 80 degrees.
3	Gentle Breeze	7-10 kts	2 ft (max 3)	Large wavelets, crests begin to break. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses (white caps). Wind extends light flag and pennants. Smoke rises at about 70 deg.
4	Moderate Breeze	11-16 kts	3 ft (max 5)	Small waves, becoming longer. Fairly frequent white horses (white caps). Wind raises dust and loose paper on deck. Smoke rises at about 50 deg. No noticeable sound in the rigging. Slack halyards curve and sway. Heavy flag flaps limply.
5	Fresh Breeze	17-21kts	6 ft (max 8)	Moderate waves, taking more pronounced long form. Many white horses (white caps) are formed (chance of some spray). Wind felt strongly on face. Smoke rises at about 30 deg. Slack halyards whip while bending continuously to leeward. Taut halyards maintain slightly bent position. Low whistle in the rigging. Heavy flag doesn't extended but flaps over entire length.
6	Strong Breeze	22-27 kts	9 ft (max 12)	Large waves begin to form. White foam crests are more extensive everywhere (probably some spray). Wind stings face in temperatures below 35 deg F (2C). Slight effort in maintaining balance against wind. Smoke rises at about 15 deg. Both slack and taut halyards whip slightly in bent position. Low moaning, rather than whistle, in the rigging. Heavy flag extends and flaps more vigorously.
7	Near Gale	28-33 kts	13 ft (max 19)	Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of wind. Necessary to lean slightly into the wind to maintain balance. Smoke rises at about 5 to 10 deg. Higher pitched moaning and whistling heard from rigging. Halyards still whip slightly. Heavy flag extends fully and flaps only at the end. Oilskins and loose clothing inflate and pull against the body.
8	Gale	34-40 kts	18 ft (max 25)	Moderately high waves of greater length. Edges of crests begin to break into the spindrift. The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind. Head pushed back by the force of the wind if allowed to relax. Oilskins and loose clothing inflate and pull strongly. Halyards rigidly bent. Loud whistle from rigging. Heavy flag straight out and whipping.
9	Strong Gale	41-47 kts	23 ft (max 32)	High waves. Dense streaks of foam along direction of wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility.
10	Storm	48-55 kts	29 ft (max 41)	Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam, in great patches is blown in dense streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole, the sea takes on a whitish appearance. Tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like. Visibility affected.
11	Violent Storm	56-63 kts	37 ft (max 52)	Exceptionally high waves (small and medium-sized ships might be for time lost to view behind the waves). The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere, the edges of the wave crests are blown into froth. Visibility greatly affected.
12	Hurricane	64+ kts	45+ ft	The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is completely white with driving spray. Visibility is seriously affected.

Estimating Wind Speed and Sea State with Visual Clues

Beaufort number

Wind
Description

Wind Speed

Wave Height

Visual Clues

0

Calm

0 knots

0 feet

Sea is like a mirror. Smoke rises vertically.

1

Light Air

1-3 kts

< 1/2

Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests. Smoke drifts from funnel.

2

Light breeze

4-6 kts

1/2 ft
(max 1)

Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced, crests have glassy appearance and do not break. Wind felt on face. Smoke rises at about 80 degrees.

3

Gentle Breeze

7-10 kts

2 ft
(max 3)

Large wavelets, crests begin to break. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses (white caps). Wind extends light flag and pennants. Smoke rises at about 70 deg.

4

Moderate Breeze

11-16 kts

3 ft
(max 5)

Small waves, becoming longer. Fairly frequent white horses (white caps). Wind raises dust and loose paper on deck. Smoke rises at about 50 deg. No noticeable sound in the rigging. Slack halyards curve and sway. Heavy flag flaps limply.

5

Fresh Breeze

17-21kts

6 ft
(max 8)

Moderate waves, taking more pronounced long form. Many white horses (white caps) are formed (chance of some spray).

Wind felt strongly on face. Smoke rises at about 30 deg. Slack halyards whip while bending continuously to leeward. Taut halyards maintain slightly bent position. Low whistle in the rigging. Heavy flag doesn't extended but flaps over entire length.

6

Strong Breeze

22-27 kts

9 ft
(max 12)

Large waves begin to form. White foam crests are more extensive everywhere (probably some spray).

Wind stings face in temperatures below 35 deg F (2C). Slight effort in maintaining balance against wind. Smoke rises at about 15 deg. Both slack and taut halyards whip slightly in bent position. Low moaning, rather than whistle, in the rigging. Heavy flag extends and flaps more vigorously.

7

Near Gale

28-33 kts

13 ft
(max 19)

Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of wind. Necessary to lean slightly into the wind to maintain balance. Smoke rises at about 5 to 10 deg. Higher pitched moaning and whistling heard from rigging. Halyards still whip slightly. Heavy flag extends fully and flaps only at the end. Oilskins and loose clothing inflate and pull against the body.

8

Gale

34-40 kts

18 ft
(max 25)

Moderately high waves of greater length. Edges of crests begin to break into the spindrift. The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind. Head pushed back by the force of the wind if allowed to relax. Oilskins and loose clothing inflate and pull strongly. Halyards rigidly bent. Loud whistle from rigging. Heavy flag straight out and whipping.

9

Strong Gale

41-47 kts

23 ft
(max 32)

High waves. Dense streaks of foam along direction of wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility.

10

Storm

48-55 kts

29 ft
(max 41)

Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam, in great patches is blown in dense streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole, the sea takes on a whitish appearance. Tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like. Visibility affected.

11

Violent Storm

56-63 kts

37 ft
(max 52)

Exceptionally high waves (small and medium-sized ships might be for time lost to view behind the waves). The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere, the edges of the wave crests are blown into froth. Visibility greatly affected.

12

Hurricane

64+ kts

45+ ft

The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is completely white with driving spray. Visibility is seriously affected.

Snow Across the Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, and Northeast; Unsettled Weather in the West

Beaufort Scale

Estimating Wind Speed and Sea State

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