A microburst is a downdraft (sinking air) in a thunderstorm that is less than 2.5 miles in scale.  Some microbursts can pose a threat to life and property, but all microbursts pose a significant threat to aviation.  Although microbursts are not as widely recognized as tornadoes, they can cause comparable, and in some cases, worse damage than some tornadoes produce.  In fact, wind speeds as high as 150 mph are possible in extreme microburst cases.

There are a handful of factors that cause microbursts to develop, including mid-level dry air entrainment, cooling beneath the thunderstorm cloud base, sublimation (occurs when the cloud base is above the freezing level), and the existence of rain and/or hail within the thunderstorm (i.e. precipitation loading).  Some microbursts are driven by a combination of these factors while others may only be driven by one factor.  Due to this, microbursts can be subdivided into three primary types -- wet, dry, and hybrid. Cooling beneath the thunderstorm cloud base and sublimation are the primary forcing mechanisms with dry microbursts.  Dry microbursts typically occur with very little precipitation at the surface or aloft, hence the dry type.  Wet microbursts, on the other hand, are primarily driven by entrainment of mid-level dry air and precipitation loading.  Hybrid microbursts possess characteristics of both wet and dry microbursts.  They are forced in the mid-levels by dry air entrainment and/or precipitation loading and in the low-levels by cooling beneath the cloud base and/or sublimation.

It's possible that the microburst that produced an 81 mph wind gust at Amarillo on July 22 was a hybrid microburst with an inclination toward the wet side.  Before discussing the image below, we need to provide some background information first.  The National Weather Service in Amarillo performs an upper air observation by releasing a radiosonde twice a day (currently 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.).  These observations are vital for forecasters to assess how the vertical structure of the atmosphere changes with time.  The data that are received by these radiosondes can be graphically plotted on a diagram called a Skew-T (Figure 1).  Pressure lines are the horizontal lines and they decrease with height; the surface is the brown colored area at the bottom of the image.  The bold red line on the Skew-T is the actual air temperature and the bold green line is the actual dew point temperature.  As these lines move toward the left, values decrease, and as the lines move toward the right, values increase.  It can be seen that as pressure decreases (height increases), the temperature generally decreases.  The closer together the temperature and dew point lines are to each other, the greater the amount of saturation.  When they are farther apart, it indicates less saturation.  On the Skew-T below, the lines are far apart between the surface and roughly 8,000 feet above the surface, indicating this layer in the atmosphere is not very saturated (i.e. a dry layer).  Between 8,000 feet and 15,000 feet, the lines are closer together, which implies a layer in the atmosphere that is more saturated (i.e. more moist).  This layer is where clouds are most likely to form due to the greater saturation.  Between 15,000 feet and 37,000 feet, the separation between the temperature and dew point substantially increases, which indicates a large layer of dry air.

Figure 1. Amarillo Skew-T for the evening of July 22.